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Alexander von Zemlinsky
Alexander von Zemlinsky
Austrian composer, conductor, and teacher
1
Josef Rufer
Josef Rufer
Austrian musicologist
2
Anton Webern
Anton Webern
Austrian composer and conductor
3
Alban Berg
Alban Berg
Austrian composer
4
Leonard Stein
Leonard Stein
American conductor and musicologist
5
Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler
Austrian late-Romantic composer
6
Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms
German composer and pianist
7
Béla Bartók
Béla Bartók
Hungarian composer and pianist
8
Viktor Ullmann
Viktor Ullmann
Austrian composer
9
Luigi Nono
Luigi Nono
Italian composer
10
Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez
French composer, conductor, writer and pianist
11
Joseph Haydn
Joseph Haydn
Austrian composer
12
Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Dvořák
Czech composer (1841-1904)
13
Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith
German-born American composer (1895–1963)
14
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann
German composer
15
Manoah Leide-Tedesco
Manoah Leide-Tedesco
Violinist and Composer
16
Ferruccio Busoni
Ferruccio Busoni
Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and piano teacher
17
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Nikolai Myaskovsky
Russian composer
18
Malcolm Arnold
Malcolm Arnold
English composer, conductor
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Alexander Goehr
Alexander Goehr
English composer
20
Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Prokofiev
Ukrainian & Russian Soviet pianist and composer
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Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss
German composer and orchestra director
Member of, past and present
second Viennese School

second Viennese School

Schoenberg in Los Angeles, c. 1948

Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (/ˈʃɜːrnbɜːrɡ/, US also /ˈʃoʊn-/; German: [ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k] (listen); 13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. As a Jewish composer, Schoenberg was targeted by the Nazi Party, which labeled his works as degenerate music and forbade them from being published. He emigrated to the United States in 1933, becoming an American citizen in 1941.

Schoenberg's approach, bοth in terms of harmony and development, has shaped much of 20th-century musical thought. Many European and American composers from at least three generations have consciously extended his thinking, whereas others have passionately reacted against it.

Schoenberg was known early in his career for simultaneously extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic styles of Brahms and Wagner. Later, his name would come to personify innovations in atonality (although Schoenberg himself detested that term) that would become the most polemical feature of 20th-century classical music. In the 1920s, Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone technique, an influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea.

Schoenberg was also an influential teacher of composition; his students included Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler, Egon Wellesz, Nikos Skalkottas, Stefania Turkewich, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison, Earl Kim, Robert Gerhard, Leon Kirchner, Dika Newlin, Oscar Levant, and other prominent musicians. Many of Schoenberg's practices, including the formalization of compositional method and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically, are echoed in avant-garde musical thought throughout the 20th century. His often polemical views of music history and aesthetics were crucial to many significant 20th-century musicologists and critics, including Theodor W. Adorno, Charles Rosen, and Carl Dahlhaus, as well as the pianists Artur Schnabel, Rudolf Serkin, Eduard Steuermann, and Glenn Gould.

Schoenberg's archival legacy is collected at the Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna.